Newton

Work is said to be done when a force applied on an object moves the object in the direction of the force.

Joule

Power is the rate of doing work.

Watt

Energy is the capacity of doing work.

Joule

Potential energy is the energy possessed by an object due to its position or state.

K.E. = (1/2) mv^2

P.E. = mgh

Heat is a form of energy that flows from a hotter body to a colder body.

Joule

Temperature is a measure of the degree of hotness or coldness of an object.

Celsius or Kelvin

Specific heat capacity is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of a unit mass of a substance by one degree Celsius.

J/kg-K

c = Q/mΔT

The principle of moments states that for a body to be in equilibrium, the sum of the clockwise moments about a point must be equal to the sum of the anticlockwise moments about the same point.

Centre of mass is the point in a system or object where its mass can be considered to be concentrated.

Velocity = displacement/time

Acceleration = change in velocity/time

Answer: Force = mass × acceleration

Friction is a force that opposes the relative motion of two surfaces in contact.

Newton

Uniform circular motion is the motion of an object along a circular path at a constant speed.

Centripetal force = (mass × velocity^2)/radius

Pressure is the force exerted per unit area.

Pascal

Answer: Atmospheric pressure is the pressure exerted by the atmosphere on the Earth's surface.

101.3 kPa

Buoyancy is the upward force exerted by a fluid on a body immersed in it.

Archimedes' principle states that an object immersed in a fluid is buoyed up by a force equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object.

Heat capacity is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of an object by one degree Celsius.

Answer: Heat capacity = Q/ΔT

Latent heat is the amount of heat required to change the state of a substance without changing its temperature.

The first law of thermodynamics states that the total energy of a system and its surroundings is conserved.

The second law of thermodynamics states that the total entropy of a system and its surroundings always increases over time.

Reflection is the bouncing back of light from a surface.

Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another.

The critical angle is the angle of incidence at which light is refracted along the interface between two media, such that the angle of refraction is 90 degrees.

Dispersion is the separation of white light into its component colors.

Focal length is the distance between the center of a lens and its focal point.

Magnification = height of image/height of object

A convex lens is a lens that is thicker in the middle than at the edges.

A concave lens is a lens that is thinner in the middle than at the edges.

Electric charge is a fundamental property of matter that causes it to experience a force in an electric field.

Coulomb

Electric current is the flow of electric charge through a conductor.

Ampere

Voltage is the potential difference between two points in an electric circuit.

Volt

Resistance is the opposition of a material to the flow of electric current.

Ohm

Ohm's law states that the current through a conductor between two points is directly proportional to the voltage across the two points.

Magnetic field is a region around a magnet or a current-carrying wire where a magnetic force can be detected.

Tesla

Electromagnetism is the study of the interactions between electric charges and magnetic fields.

Electromagnetic induction is the production of an electromotive force across a conductor when the magnetic field around it changes.

Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction states that the magnitude of the induced electromotive force is directly proportional to the rate of change of magnetic flux through a loop of wire.

A transformer is a device that changes the voltage of an alternating current.

A step-up transformer is a transformer that increases the voltage of an alternating current.

A step-down

Nuclear fission is a process in which the nucleus of an atom is split into two or more smaller nuclei.

Nuclear fission is the splitting of a heavy nucleus into lighter nuclei, while nuclear fusion is the merging of two light nuclei into a heavier nucleus.

Radioactive decay is the process by which a radioactive substance emits radiation and transforms into a different element.

Half-life is the time taken for half the nuclei in a radioactive sample to decay.

A Geiger counter is a device used to detect and measure radioactivity.

Alpha radiation is a type of radiation that consists of helium nuclei.

Beta radiation is a type of radiation that consists of high-speed electrons.

Gamma radiation is a type of radiation that consists of high-energy photons.

Becquerel

Nuclear fusion is a process in which two light nuclei combine to form a heavier nucleus.

Renewable energy sources are those that can be replenished naturally, such as solar and wind energy, while non-renewable energy sources are those that are finite, such as fossil fuels.

Solar energy is energy that is generated from the sun.

A solar panel is a device that converts solar energy into electrical energy.

Wind energy is energy that is generated from the wind.

A wind turbine is a device that converts wind energy into electrical energy.

Hydroelectric energy is energy that is generated from the movement of water.

A hydroelectric dam is a structure built across a river to create a reservoir of water that can be used to generate electricity.

Biomass energy is energy that is generated from organic matter, such as wood and crop residues.

A fossil fuel is a non-renewable energy source that is formed from the remains of plants and animals that lived millions of years ago.

Global warming is the gradual increase in the Earth's average surface temperature, caused by an increase in greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.

The greenhouse effect is the trapping of heat in the Earth's atmosphere by greenhouse gases.

Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

Ozone depletion is the reduction in the amount of ozone in the Earth's atmosphere.

The ozone layer is a layer of ozone in the Earth's stratosphere that protects the Earth from harmful ultraviolet radiation from the sun.

CFCs, or chlorofluorocarbons, are a type of chemical that can deplete the ozone layer.

The law of reflection states that the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection.

Refraction is the bending of light as it passes through a medium of different density.

The refractive index is a measure of how much a medium can refract light.

A lens is a piece of transparent material that can refract light and focus it to form an image.

A converging lens is thicker in the middle than at the edges and can focus light to form a real image, while a diverging lens is thinner in the middle than at the edges and can only form a virtual image.

Magnification is the ratio of the size of an image to the size of the object.

A real image is formed when light converges and can be projected onto a screen, while a virtual image is formed when light appears to diverge and cannot be projected onto a screen.

The power of a lens is a measure of its ability to converge or diverge light and is measured in diopters.

A telescope is a device used to view distant objects by collecting and magnifying light.

An astronomical telescope is a type of telescope used for observing celestial objects.

A microscope is a device used to view small objects by magnifying them.

A compound microscope uses two lenses to magnify a specimen and can magnify up to 1000x, while a stereo microscope uses two separate optical paths to create a three-dimensional image of a specimen and can only magnify up to 100x.

A wave is a disturbance that travels through a medium or through space.

The amplitude of a wave is the maximum displacement of a point on the wave from its rest position.

The wavelength of a wave is the distance between two consecutive points on the wave that are in phase.

The frequency of a wave is the number of complete oscillations it makes per unit time.

Hertz (Hz)

The speed of light is approximately 299,792,458 meters per second.

Electromagnetic radiation is a type of radiation that travels through space in the form of electromagnetic waves.

The electromagnetic spectrum is the range of all types of electromagnetic radiation, from radio waves to gamma rays.

A mechanical wave is a wave that requires a medium to travel through, such as sound waves and water waves.

A transverse wave is a wave in which the particles of the medium vibrate perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation.

A longitudinal wave is a wave in which the particles of the medium vibrate parallel to the direction of wave propagation.

Sound is a form of energy that is produced by vibrations and can be heard by the human ear.

The speed of sound in air at room temperature is approximately 343 meters per second.

The pitch of a sound is the perceived highness or lowness of the sound and is determined by its frequency.

The loudness of a sound is the perceived strength or intensity of the sound and is determined by its amplitude.

Resonance is the phenomenon that occurs when an object vibrates at its natural frequency in response to an external stimulus.

An echo is a reflection of sound waves off a surface that can be heard after a delay.

An ultrasonic wave is a sound wave with a frequency higher than the upper limit of human hearing.

An electromagnetic wave is a wave that is composed of oscillating electric and magnetic fields and can travel through a vacuum.

An electric field is a region of space around a charged particle or object where an electric force can be felt.

A magnetic field is a region of space around a magnet or a current-carrying wire where a magnetic force can be felt.

Electricity and magnetism are closely related and are two aspects of the same phenomenon known as electromagnetism.

Electromagnetic induction is the process by which a changing magnetic field induces an electric current in a conductor.

A generator is a device that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy by using electromagnetic induction.

An electric motor is a device that converts electrical energy into mechanical energy by using the interaction between an electric current and a magnetic field.

Direct current flows in one direction, while alternating current changes direction periodically.

An electric circuit is a path through which electric current can flow.

A resistor is an electrical component that opposes the flow of electric current and converts electrical energy into heat.

Ohm (Ω)

An electrical conductor is a material that allows electric current to flow through it easily.

An electrical insulator is a material that does not allow electric current to flow through it easily.

An electrical fuse is a safety device that protects an electric circuit from overcurrent by breaking the circuit when the current exceeds a certain limit.

An electric switch is a device used to interrupt or complete an electrical circuit. It is designed to control the flow of electric current in a circuit by opening or closing the contacts of the switch. When the switch is in the "on" position, the contacts are closed and electricity is allowed to flow through the circuit. When the switch is in the "off" position, the contacts are open and the flow of electricity is interrupted.

In a series circuit, the components are connected end-to-end, so the same current flows through each component. In a parallel circuit, the components are connected across the same two points, so the voltage across each component is the same.

A capacitor is an electrical component that stores electrical energy in an electric field.

An inductor is an electrical component that stores electrical energy in a magnetic field.

Electromagnetic radiation is a type of energy that is propagated through space as a combination of electric and magnetic fields.

The electromagnetic spectrum is the range of all types of electromagnetic radiation, from radio waves to gamma rays.

The speed of light in a vacuum is approximately 299,792,458 meters per second.

The wavelength and frequency of an electromagnetic wave are inversely proportional to each other.

The photoelectric effect is the phenomenon in which electrons are emitted from a metal surface when it is exposed to light of a certain frequency.

A photon is a particle of electromagnetic radiation with zero mass and energy proportional to its frequency.

Nuclear fission is the process by which the nucleus of an atom is split into two or more smaller nuclei, with the release of a large amount of energy.

Nuclear fusion is the process by which two or more atomic nuclei come together to form a larger nucleus, with the release of a large amount of energy.

Radioactivity is the spontaneous emission of particles or energy from the nucleus of an atom.

An alpha particle is a particle consisting of two protons and two neutrons that is emitted during some types of radioactive decay.

A beta particle is an electron or positron that is emitted during some types of radioactive decay.

A gamma ray is a high-energy photon emitted during radioactive decay or other nuclear processes.

Half-life is the time it takes for half of the radioactive atoms in a sample to decay.

Nuclear radiation is the energy that is emitted from the nucleus of an atom in the form of particles or electromagnetic waves.

A Geiger counter is a device used to detect and measure radiation by counting the number of ionizing events that occur in a gas-filled chamber.

A radiation dose is a measure of the amount of radiation absorbed by a person or object.

Nuclear medicine is a medical specialty that uses radioactive isotopes to diagnose and treat diseases.

A laser is a device that produces a narrow, intense beam of coherent light.

The Doppler effect is the change in frequency or wavelength of a wave in relation to an observer who is moving relative to the wave source.

A wave function is a mathematical function that describes the behavior of a quantum particle.

The uncertainty principle is a fundamental principle of quantum mechanics that states that it is impossible to know certain pairs of physical properties, such as the position and momentum of a particle, with absolute precision.

The Schrödinger equation is the fundamental equation of quantum mechanics that describes how the wave function of a physical system changes over time.

Quantum entanglement is a phenomenon in which two or more particles become correlated in such a way that the state of one particle cannot be described independently of the state of the other particle.

Superposition is a principle of quantum mechanics that states that a quantum system can exist in multiple states simultaneously until it is measured or observed.

Tunneling is a quantum mechanical phenomenon in which a particle can pass through a potential energy barrier that it would not be able to pass through in classical mechanics.

A quantum computer is a type of computer that uses quantum mechanical phenomena, such as superposition and entanglement, to perform calculations that are not possible with classical computers.

Dark matter is a type of matter that does not interact with light or other forms of electromagnetic radiation, but is believed to account for the majority of the matter in the universe.

Answer: Dark energy is a type of energy that is believed to be responsible for the observed acceleration of the expansion of the universe.

Cosmic microwave background radiation is a form of electromagnetic radiation that is believed to be the remnants of the radiation that was emitted when the universe was in its early stages.

A black hole is an object with such strong gravitational pull that nothing, including light, can escape once it has entered its event horizon.

The Big Bang theory is the scientific theory that the universe began as a single point and has been expanding and cooling ever since.

Hubble's law is the observation that the farther away a galaxy is from us, the faster it is moving away from us.

The Doppler shift is the change in the frequency of a wave as it moves towards or away from an observer.

A redshift is a shift towards longer wavelengths in the light emitted by a distant object, caused by the Doppler effect and the expansion of the universe.

A blueshift is a shift towards shorter wavelengths in the light emitted by a nearby object, caused by the Doppler effect.

The principle of conservation of energy states that the total amount of energy in a system is constant, and that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed from one form to another.

The principle of conservation of momentum states that the total momentum of a closed system is conserved, and that momentum cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred from one object to another.

Answer: Newton's first law of motion, also known as the law of inertia, states that an object will remain at rest or in uniform motion in a straight line unless acted upon by an external force.

Newton's second law of motion states that the force acting on an object will cause the object to accelerate, with the acceleration being directly proportional to the force and inversely proportional to the object's mass.

Newton's third law of motion states that for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

Kinetic energy is the energy an object possesses due to its motion.

Potential energy is the energy an object possesses due to its position or configuration in a system.

Work is the transfer of energy from one system to another, typically through the application of a force.

Answer: Power is the rate at which work is done, or the rate at which energy is transferred.

A wave is a disturbance that propagates through space and time, carrying energy without carrying matter.

Amplitude is the maximum displacement of a wave from its equilibrium position.

Wavelength is the distance between two consecutive peaks or troughs of a wave.

Frequency is the number of cycles of a wave that pass a point in a given amount of time, usually measured in hertz (Hz).

The electromagnetic spectrum is the range of all possible frequencies of electromagnetic radiation, which includes radio waves, microwaves, infrared radiation, visible light, ultraviolet radiation, X-rays, and gamma rays.

Answer: Reflection is the bouncing back of a wave when it encounters a surface that does not absorb the wave's energy.

Refraction is the bending of a wave when it passes from one medium to another medium with a different refractive index.

Answer: Diffraction is the bending of a wave as it passes through an opening or around an obstacle.

Interference is the interaction of waves that results in the reinforcement or cancellation of the waves.

Polarization is the orientation of the electric field of a wave, which can be linear, circular, or elliptical.

A lens is an optical device that refracts light and can form an image by focusing the light onto a surface.

A mirror is an optical device that reflects light and can form an image by reflecting the light.

A telescope is an optical device used to observe distant objects, such as stars and galaxies.

A microscope is an optical device used to observe small objects, such as cells and microorganisms.

A resistor is an electrical component that limits the flow of electric current.

An electric circuit is a system of electrical components connected by conductive wires through which electric current can flow.

Answer: An electric field is a field of force surrounding an electric charge that exerts a force on other charges in the field.

Answer: Electromagnetic induction is the generation of an electromotive force (EMF) in a circuit by a changing magnetic field, which can be used to generate electric power in a generator.